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Data Structuring and Enhancement

Organising data captured from one or various sources into a uniform structure (such as a database), or augmenting digital information (e.g. enhancing a digital image).

See the tabs in the box at the bottom for a list of People and Projects using this category of method at Oxford. The category comprises the subheadings below; click on the expand button next to each one to see a list of detailed methods, with definitions taken from arts-humanities.net. The links on each individual method take you to the national list of related projects there.

Audio-visual processing
  • Sound compression: In this context, ‘sound compression’, or ‘audio compression’, refers to techniques used to eliminate redundant information of a sound file in order to reduce its size, enabling more efficient storage and transmission.
  • Sound editing: Refers to the techniques used to mix, adjust, optimise and fix sound signals, either for audio or video files. Such editing can include speeding up or slowing down the sound, cutting portions, fading between clips, combining multiple audio files, applying effects such as reverberation and removing unwanted background noise. Types of sound can include dialogue, effects and music.
  • Sound encoding: Refers to the transformation of sound signals into a defined data structure. Sound can be encoded into different formats for a variety of purposes. These include the use of MIDI, stereo or surround sound for playback, or compressing the file to enable ease of sharing or transmission, e.g. via the Internet.
  • Sound encoding - MIDI: Refers to the transformation of sound signals into a MIDI-conforming data structure. ‘MIDI’ stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, and allows synchronisation and data sharing between different electronic musical instruments.
  • Video and moving image compression: Refers to techniques used to eliminate redundant information of moving image files in order to reduce its size, thereby facilitating its transmission. Like other forms of compression, video compression can be either lossless or lossy. However, as lossy compression produces considerably smaller files that maintain an acceptable quality, lossless compression is rarely used for video.
  • Video editing: Refers to the techniques used to manipulate moving image data into a defined structure. Linear editing is where the video is edited in scene order, and was performed when footage only existed in a videotape format. In non-linear editing, which is usually used for digital video files, any frame can be accessed easily, and edited in any order.

Animation and modelling
  • 2d modelling raster: Refers to the design of 2-dimensional representations/reconstructions of objects or structures using a raster data model and specialised software. They can be used alone or as components of 3D models.
  • 2d modelling - vector: Refers to the design of 2-dimensional representations/reconstructions of objects or structures using a vector data model and specialised software. They can be used alone or as components of 3D models.
  • 3d modelling - interactive: The term '3D modelling - interactive', or ‘Virtual Reality’ (VR), refers to the design of interactive 3-dimensional graphical representations of objects or places. These can be reconstructions of existing or historical places, abstract systems, or representations of imagined worlds or objects. Related terms include 'Artificial Reality' and 'Cyberspace', as well as 'Virtual Worlds' and 'Virtual Environments'.
  • 3d modelling - vector: Refers to the design of 3-dimensional representations/reconstructions of objects or structures using a vector data model and specialised software.
  • Animation: Traditional cel animation consists of photographs of drawings (frames), each of which differs slightly from the next, arranged in sequence on film. In order to create the illusion of movement without jerkiness, between 12 and 70 frames per second must be created.
  • Graphical rendering: The term ‘rendering’, in a computer graphics context, refers to the process of generating an image from a digital model, by computing its surface qualities, such as colour, shading, smoothness and texture. Rendering can achieve both photorealistic and non-photorealistic results, and is the final step in the animation process.
  • Virtual world modelling: The design and creation of a three dimensional environment, often undertaken with proprietary tools distributed with video games. Usually the term ‘virtual worlds’ refers to multi-user online environments. Some virtual worlds are designed to simulate a real place, others can be more abstract or fantasy-related.

Image processing
  • Geo-referencing and projection: Geo-referencing is a technique used to convert images from image coordinates to real-world coordinates to establish spatial locations of geographical features in terms of map projections or coordinate systems. It can also be used to establish the relation between raster or vector images and coordinates.
  • Image enhancement: The term ‘image enhancement’, or ‘image editing’, refers to techniques used to improve the appearance of digital, as well as analogue, images. Both raster and vector files can be manipulated using specialist software.
  • Image restoration: The term ‘image restoration’ refers to techniques used to digitally rectify known, measured or accurately surmised degradations of images, for example historic photographs, sketches and paintings.
  • Photogrammetry: Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain reliable measurements or information from digital or analogue photographs (photo-grammes). It is often classified as a type of remote sensing, as objects are measured without being touched.

Text encoding
  • Lemmatisation: Refers to techniques used to group a set of forms of a word (a lexeme) together under a single headword, or lemma – the form of the word that would be listed in a dictionary, glossary or index. This enables different inflected forms of the same word to be analysed as a single item, which is useful when compiling frequency and distribution information.
  • Text encoding - descriptive: Descriptive text encoding, or markup, refers to the addition of character and symbols, or tags, at certain places in a text in order to convey information about concrete and abstract concepts (e.g. genres, topical subjects); its logical structure (e.g. identification of headings, paragraphs); its linguistic components (e.g. PoS-tagging [parts of speech], phonological and morphological markup); or about concrete and abstract named entities (e.g. identification of personal names, geographic names).
  • Text encoding - presentational: Refers to the addition of character and symbols, or tags, at certain places in a text in order to convey information about its visual appearance. Presentational text encoding, or markup, is used in WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing software, to display onscreen text with the desired formatting.
  • Text encoding - referential: Refers to the addition of character and symbols, or tags, at certain places in a text in order to convey information about external elements. These can include hypermedia, or hyperlinks that take the user further down the page, to other pages of the text (internal links), or to related documents (external links).

Classifying and linking
  • Cataloguing and indexing: Cataloguing and indexing refer to systems that record and order the semantics and syntax of the data, to enable resource discovery and collection management, to improve searchability and access and to allow the data to be collected and shared.
  • Record linkages: The term ‘record linkage’ refers to techniques used to link records from different sources, by finding entries that refer to the same entity (e.g. person) in two or more files. These entries can be combined to form individual micro records.

Other data processing
  • Coding and standardisation: In this context, the term ‘Coding and Standardisation’ refers to the process of translating large amounts of data from diverse sources into standardised codes for data processing.
  • Data modelling: Refers to the development of a theoretical framework - based on abstract models that describe how data is represented and accessed - by which information is structured for the use in a database system.

To filter the list of People and Projects, select sub-headings and details from the pull-down lists below (select sub-headings first). NB Not all users have registered their methods at these more detailed levels.

Sub-headings Details
  • Projects (136)
  • People (84)
Agora Oxford e-Research Centre Paolo D'Iorio
Ancient Cyprus in the Ashmolean Museum Ashmolean Museum Alison Roberts
Anglo-Saxon Discovery Ashmolean Museum Alison Roberts
APGRD - Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama Classics Faculty Fiona Macintosh
Archives and Artefacts: Exploring the past through the work of E.T. Leeds and A2A Ashmolean Museum Alison Roberts
Ashmolean Museum Collections Management System Ashmolean Museum Nick Mayhew
Automatic annotation of the Spoken BNC Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics Faculty John Coleman
Autonomous Morphology in Diachrony: comparative evidence from the Romance languages Medieval & Modern Languages Faculty Martin Maiden
BEAM Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Susan Thomas
Beazley Archive Classics Faculty Thomas Mannack
Bibliography of British and Irish History History Ian Archer
Bibliotheca Academica Translationum; Translations of Classical Scholarship 1701-1917 Classics Faculty Oswyn Murray
Blockbooks Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Nigel F. Palmer
Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Mike Heaney
Boethius in Early Medieval Europe English Faculty Malcolm Godden
Book of Curiosities: An early 11th-century Arabic cosmography Oriental Studies Faculty Emilie Savage-Smith
British Archaeology at the Ashmolean Museum: Rationalisation and Enhancement of the Historic Collections Ashmolean Museum Alison Roberts
British National Corpus OUCS Martin Wynne
Building a Virtual Research Environment for the Humanities (BVREH) Oxford e-Research Centre Alan Bowman
Celtic Coin Index Archaeology Christopher Gosden
Centre for the Study of Early Music (CSEM) Music Faculty Julia Craig-McFeely
Centre for the Study of the Cantigas de Santa Maria Medieval & Modern Languages Faculty Stephen Parkinson
CLARIN Oxford e-Research Centre Martin Wynne
Congo Journey Pitt Rivers Museum Christopher Morton
Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Buckets Archaeology Helena Hamerow
Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Online Classics Faculty Donna Kurtz
The Creswell Archive Ashmolean Museum James W Allan
Cultures of Knowledge: An Intellectual Geography of the Seventeenth-Century Republic of Letters History Howard Hotson
Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Oriental Studies Faculty Jacob Dahl
Curse Tablets of Roman Britain Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Cutting Edge: Revealing hidden stories in a cross-cultural collection of arms and armour : 2006-08 Pitt Rivers Museum Jeremy Coote
David Hume Archive Philosophy Faculty Peter Millican
Diachronic Corpus of Sumerian Literature Oriental Studies Faculty Jacob Dahl
Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources Classics Faculty Richard Ashdowne
Digital Ashmolean Cuneiform Ashmolean Museum Jacob Dahl
Digital Asset Management at the Pitt Rivers Museum Anthropology Daniel Burt
Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM) Music Faculty Elizabeth Eva Leach
Digitally Curating Knowledge Creation: Understanding and Recording the Process of Interpreting Cultural and Historical Artefacts Oxford e-Research Centre Ségolène Tarte
Discovery: Digital semantic corpora for virtual research in philosophy Oxford e-Research Centre Paolo D'Iorio
Domesday Text Project Pilot Theology Faculty Katharine Keats-Rohan
Electronic Database of Poetic Form English Faculty Elizabeth Scott-Baumann
Electronic Enlightenment Project Special Collections and IT Robert McNamee
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature Oriental Studies Faculty Jacob Dahl
Elements of Drawing Ashmolean Museum Colin Harrison
England: the Other Within: Analysing the English Collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum Pitt Rivers Museum Christopher Gosden
Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe History of Science Museum Jim Bennett
e-Science and Ancient Documents (eSAD) Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
European Networking Resources and Information Concerning Cultural Heritage (ENRICH) Project IT Services Sebastian Rahtz
The First World War Poetry Digital Archive IT Services Stuart Lee
Fontes Anglo-Saxonici English Faculty Rohini Jayatilaka
Forced Migration Online International Development Ian McClelland
Foreign Office Confidential Prints Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Hannah Chandler
The Forster Collection Pitt Rivers Museum Pitt Rivers Museum Jeremy Coote
futureArch project Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Susan Thomas
The Gascon Rolls 1317-1468 History Malcolm Vale
GPBCP: Gazetteer of Papyri in British Collections Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Griffith Institute Archive Oriental Studies Faculty Elizabeth Frood
H.M.J. Underhill Archive Archaeology Megan Price
Holinshed Project History Ian Archer
Imaging Papyri at Oxford Classics Faculty Dirk Obbink
Imaging Roman Stilus Tablets Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Integrating Broadside Ballad Resources Online Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services Alexandra Franklin
International Reciprocal Research Network (Haida Material Culture in UK Museums) Pitt Rivers Museum Haas Ezzet
Internet Archive Live Music Archive Linked Data Oxford e-Research Centre Kevin Page
The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library Wolfson College Henry Hardy
Islamic Manuscripts Project Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Neil Jefferies
Jane Austen's holograph fiction manuscripts: a digital and print resource English Faculty Kathryn Sutherland
The John Johnson Collection: an Archive of Printed Ephemera Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services David Tomkins
Jonathan Swift: Journal to Stella English Faculty Paddy Bullard
Laconia Survey Inscriptions Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Last Statues of Antiquity Classics Faculty Roland Smith
Lexicon of Greek Personal Names Classics Faculty Robert Parker
Machine-readable grammatical resources for Indonesian Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics Faculty Mary Dalrymple
Making Britain: South Asian Visions of Home and Abroad 1870-1950 History Elleke Boehmer
Mapping Crime beyond the John Johnson Collection Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services David Tomkins
Medieval Libraries of Great Britain (MLGB3) History James M. W. Willoughby
Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua XI: Monuments from Phrygia, Lycaconia, and Cappadocia Classics Faculty Peter Thonemann
A New Edition of Leonardo's Codex Leicester for Bill Gates Trinity College Martin Kemp
Nietzsche Source Oxford e-Research Centre Paolo D'Iorio
Novum Inventorium Sepulchrale - Kentish Anglo-Saxon graves and grave-goods in the Sonia Hawkes archive Archaeology Helena Hamerow
Old English Literature; A Hypertext Course Pack English Faculty Stuart Lee
Online Egyptological Bibliography Oriental Studies Faculty John Baines
On-line language documentation for Biak (Austronesian) Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics Faculty Mary Dalrymple
The Other Within: Analysing the English collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum Pitt Rivers Museum Jeremy Coote
Out of the Wings Medieval & Modern Languages Faculty Jonathan Thacker
Oxford Digital Library Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services Michael Popham
Oxford English Corpus Oxford University Press Pete Whitelock
Oxford English Dictionary Oxford University Press Barbara McGillivray
Oxford Google Project Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services Michael Popham
Oxford Latin American Economic History Database Interdisciplinary Area Studies Valpy FitzGerald
Oxford Roman Economy Project Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Oxford Text Archive OUCS Martin Wynne
Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Sally Rumsey
Pacific Pathways: Multiplying contexts for the Forster ('Cook-Voyage') collection at the Pitt Rivers Museum : 2002-03 Pitt Rivers Museum Jeremy Coote
Paradigm Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Susan Thomas
Photographic Archive of Papyri in the Cairo Museum Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Pitt Rivers Luo Visual History Pitt Rivers Museum Christopher Morton
Poinikastas: Epigraphic Sources for Early Greek Writing Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Portraits in Oxford History Annette Peach
Portuguese Literature: A Co-Companion Medieval & Modern Languages Faculty Stephen Parkinson
PotWeb Ashmolean Museum Jonathan Moffett
Poxy: Oxyrhynchus Online Classics Faculty Dirk Obbink
Preparing DARIAH Oxford e-Research Centre Martin Wynne
Preserving and Enhancing Access to Historic Oxfordshire Ashmolean Museum Alison Roberts
Prosopography of the Byzantine World History Avril Cameron
Recovering the material and visual cultures of the southern Sudan: A museological resource Pitt Rivers Museum Jeremy Coote
The Relational Museum Pitt Rivers Museum Alison Petch
Rethinking Pitt-Rivers: Analysing the Activities of a Nineteenth-Century Collector Pitt Rivers Museum Jeremy Coote
The reuniting of Osip Mandelstam's texts and archives in digital form Medieval & Modern Languages Faculty Jennifer Baines
Roman Provincial Coinage Online Ashmolean Museum Chris Howgego
Romano-British Writing Tablets Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Scene details in Ancient Egyptian monuments: Oxford Expedition's electronic database and publications project (c.2960 - 2040 BC). Oriental Studies Faculty Yvonne Harpur
The Shakespeare Quartos Archive Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services Pip Willcox
Sir John Evans Centenary Project Ashmolean Museum Alison Roberts
Small Blessings: Amulets at the Pitt Rivers Museum Anthropology Daniel Burt
South Cadbury Environs Project Archaeology Gary Lock
Stationers' Register Online (SRO) Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Giles Bergel
Sudamih -- Supporting Data Management Infrastructure for the Humanities OUCS James A J Wilson
Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) IT Services Sebastian Rahtz
Thomas Gray Archive Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services Alexander Huber
The Tibet Album: British photography in Central Tibet 1920-1950 Pitt Rivers Museum Clare Harris
TileWeb: Paving-Tile Watercolours Online Ashmolean Museum Jonathan Moffett
Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs, and Paintings Oriental Studies Faculty Vincent Razanajao
Transits of Venus History of Science Museum Stephen Johnston
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Oriental Studies Faculty John Baines
Universal Leonardo History Martin Kemp
Verb semantics and argument realization in pre-modern Japanese: A comprehensive study of the basic syntax of pre-modern Japanese Oriental Studies Faculty Bjarke Frellesvig
Victorian Social Reform: A Bibliography of the Published Papers of the Social Science Association 1857-86 History Lawrence Goldman
Vindolanda Tablets Online Classics Faculty Alan Bowman
Virtual Infrastructure with Database as a Service (VIDaaS) OUCS James A J Wilson
Voltaire Foundation Voltaire Foundation Nicholas Cronk
The Wandering Jew's Chronicle Digitisation Project Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services Giles Bergel
What's the score at the Bodleian? Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services David Tomkins
William Godwin's Diary Politics & Int Relations Mark Philp
The World of Art on the Semantic Web (CLAROS) Oxford e-Research Centre Donna Kurtz
Yousef Jameel Online Centre for the Study of Islamic and Eastern Art Ashmolean Museum Paul Groves
Ian Archer HistoryHistory Faculty
Richard Ashdowne Classics FacultyClassical Languages
Giles Bergel English Faculty 
Michael Brady Engineering Science 
Sushila Burgess Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services 
Lou Burnard OUCS 
Ben Burton English Faculty 
Alex Butterworth HistoryHistory Faculty
Annamaria Carusi Oxford e-Research Centre 
Simon Charles Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services 
Eduoard Chiricat Classics Faculty 
Eric Clarke Music Faculty 
Julia Craig-McFeely Music Faculty 
James Cummings OUCS 
Barry Cunliffe ArchaeologyArchaeology Institute
Jacob Dahl Oriental Studies FacultyGriffith Institute
Mary Dalrymple Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics Faculty 
David De Roure Oxford e-Research Centre 
Paolo D'Iorio Oxford e-Research Centre 
Richard Doe OUCS 
Cristina Dondi Medieval & Modern Languages FacultyItalian
Alun Edwards OUCS 
Amanda Flynn Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services Digital Collections Development
Alexandra Franklin Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services 
Ulrich Gehn Classics FacultyClassical Archaeology
Paul Groves Ashmolean Museum 
Helen Hales Pitt Rivers Museum 
Helena Hamerow ArchaeologyArchaeology Institute
Yvonne Harpur Linacre College 
Tony Harris English Faculty 
Howard Hotson HistoryHistory Faculty
Chris Howgego Ashmolean Museum 
Emma Huber Linacre College 
Katharine Keats-Rohan HistoryHistory Faculty
Martin Kemp Trinity College 
Greg Kochanski Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics Faculty 
Gary Lock ArchaeologyArchaeology Institute
Christine Madsen Bodleian Libraries Central Services and Administration 
Martin Maiden Medieval & Modern Languages Faculty 
Jenny McAuley English Faculty 
Ian McClelland International Development 
Robert McNamee English Faculty 
Eric Meyer Oxford Internet Institute 
Peter Millican Philosophy Faculty 
Jonathan Moffett Ashmolean Museum 
Dirk Obbink Classics FacultyAncient History
Richard Ovenden Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services 
Kevin Page Oxford e-Research Centre 
Robert Parker Classics FacultyAncient History
Greg Parker Classics FacultyClassical Archaeology
Stephen Parkinson Medieval & Modern Languages FacultyPortuguese
Annette Peach HistoryHistory Faculty
John Pilbeam Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services Information Technology & Strategy Development
Sharron Pleydell-Pearce Divisional Administration 
Michael Popham Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services 
Chris Powell Ashmolean Museum 
Jonathan Prag Classics FacultyAncient History
Megan Price ArchaeologyArchaeology Institute
Sebastian Rahtz IT Services 
Alison Roberts Ashmolean Museum 
David Robey Oxford e-Research Centre 
Peter Robinson Bodleian Libraries Research & Learning Services 
Glenn Roe Medieval & Modern Languages FacultyFrench
Henriette Roued-Cunliffe Classics Faculty 
Kerri L Russell Oriental Studies Faculty 
Richard Sharpe HistoryHistory Faculty
Judith Siefring Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services 
Peter Stewart Classics FacultyClassical Archaeology
Oliver Taplin Classics FacultyAncient History
Sarah Thomas Bodleian Libraries Central Services and Administration 
Gábor Mihály Tóth HistoryHistory Faculty
Luke Treadwell Oriental Studies Faculty 
Lik Hang Tsui Oriental Studies FacultyChinese Studies (Humanities)
Greg Votruba Archaeology 
Peter Lawrence Watson Continuing Education - HQ 
Pete Whitelock Oxford University Press 
Pip Willcox Bodleian Digital Library Systems & Services 
Abigail Williams English Faculty 
James A J Wilson OUCS 
Chris Wingfield Pitt Rivers Museum 
David Womersley English Faculty 
Tom Wrobel Classics Faculty 
Zixi You Oriental Studies Faculty 
Andrew Zisserman Engineering Science